Unit 02 Morals and Virtues
一、常见短语 through 的常见短语 carry through 勇闯难关 战胜病魔 see through 看透 识破 look through 快速查看 浏览 put through 完成 给…接通（电话）
get through 通过（考试等）（用电话）接通 用完 完成 come 的常见短语 come across （偶然）遇见 碰见 come off it 别胡扯 别胡说 住口 come out 出版 出现 开花 come about 发生 come over 短暂造访 come on 赶快 发展 开始
“ “in + n + of” ” 形式的常见短语 in memory of 为了纪念... 追念 in honour of 为了纪念 in celebration of 为了庆祝 in favour of 支持 in terms of 就…而言 在…方面 in praise of 赞扬 in charge of 负责/掌管… in need of 需要
in place of 代替
“ “in + n” ” 形式的常见短语 in despair 绝望地 in general 总的来说 通常 in brief/short 简而言之 in common 共同 共有 in particular 尤其 特别 in private 私下地 in vain 白费地 徒劳无益地 in public 公开地 当众
charge 的常见短语 in charge of 负责/掌管 in the charge of 由…负责/掌管 take charge of 负责/掌管
charge 的常见短语 free of charge 免费 charge for 对…收费 charge sb with (doing) sth 因（做）某事控告某人
二、常见句型与表达 1. would rather 表示 “ 宁愿 ”， 其常见用法为：
：
① would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿（不）做某事 I would rather not take a trip with him. 我宁愿不和他一起去旅行。
② would do sth than do sth 宁愿做某事也不愿做某事 （= would do sth rather than do sth = prefer to do sth rather than do sth）
I would rather go out for a walk than stay at home. I would go out for a walk rather than stay at home. I prefer to go out for a walk rather than stay at home. 我宁愿出去散步也不愿待在家里。
③ would rather 后跟从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即：
would rather sb. did sth. 宁愿某人做某事（用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事）
would rather sh. had done sth.宁愿某人做过某事（用过去完成时表示过去的动作）
—Do you mind if I smoke? 你介意我抽烟吗?
Well, I’d rather you didn’t. 嗯，最好别抽。
I’d rather that you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
I’d rather that you had come yesterday. 我宁愿你昨天就来了。
④ would rather have done sth/not have done sth.宁愿做了/没做某事 I would rather not have seen her last night. 我宁愿昨天晚上没有见到她。
2. carry sb through sth 帮助或使得某人勇闯难关、战胜病魔等。
John hasn’t done well in his studies, but his tutor did his best to carry him through. John 学习成绩不好，但他的导师尽了最大的努力帮他过关。
My confidence, together with the skills you taught me, carried me through the exams. 我的信心，加上你教给我的技巧，帮助我通过了考试。
3. “ “ 感官动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ” 结构 ① 在“感官动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”结构中，常见的感官动词（词组）有：see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, listen to, look at 等。
② 在“感官动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”结构中，宾语补足语的形式如下（以 see 为例）：
When I entered the room, I saw him surfing the Internet. 当我走进房间时看到他正在上网。（surfing 表主动和动作正在进行）
When I got home I saw the window broken. 我到家时，看到窗户被打破了（broken 表示被动和动作已经完成）
They knew her very well. They had seen her grow up from childhood. 他们很了解她，他们是看着她长大成人的。
注：该结构中的 do 为不带 to 的不定式，表示主动的动作，且指动作发生的全过程；在被动语态中，不带 to 的宾语补足语变为主语补足语时，要还原不定式符号 to。
She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committee. 有人看见她大约在案发时间进入了大楼。
4. do whatever sb. can to do sth. 尽力做某 事 ， 其他表达法还有：
：
We will do whatever we can to carry you through. 我们将尽一切所能帮你渡过难关。
We’ll do what we can to stop prices going up still further. 我们将尽可能阻止物价继续上涨。
5.“ “ 逻辑主语 （ 名词/ 代词）
）+ 动词-ing” ” 的独立主格结构 “逻辑主语（名词/代词）+ 动词-ing”构成的独立主格结构，表示主动或动作正在进行，逻see + 宾语 doing sth 看见…正在做… do sth 看见…做了… being done 看见…正在被做 done 看见…被做 宾语与宾语补足语为逻辑上的主动关系 宾语与宾语补足语为逻辑上的被动关系 do what sb can to do sth do all (that) sb can to do sth do everything (that) sb can to do sth
辑主语与 do 之间为主动关系。从语法上讲不是句子。此结构通常在句中起方式、时间、条件、原因或伴随等状语的作用。独立主格结构一般位于句首，有时也位于句尾；表示伴随状况时，常位于句尾。使用独立主格结构时，注意要用逗号与句子的主体部分隔开。
Time permitting, we are going to play football tomorrow. 时间允许的话,我们明天去踢足球。
She watered the flowers, her husband feeding the birds. 她浇花，她的丈夫喂鸟。
The film (being) over, they went for a meal in a Chinese restaurant. 看完电影后，他们去一家中国餐馆用餐。
He came into the room, his nose (being) red with cold. 他进了房间，鼻子冻得通红。
注：独立主格结构有时可以和 with 的复合结构互换。
so many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. （独立主格结构）
With so many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. （with 的复合结构）
这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
6. “neither...nor...” ” 结构 ， 意为 “ 既不… 也不… ；… 和… 都不… ”。
① 若 neither...nor...连接两个并列成分做主语，其谓语动词通常与最靠近它的主语保持一致，即谓语动词遵循“就近一致”的原则。
Neither Jim nor his parents have seen the film. Neither his parents nor Jim has seen the film. 吉姆和他的父母都没有看过这部电影。
nor..接两个并列分句,
② 如果 neither...nor... 连接两个并列分句，且 neither 和 nor 位于句首，则两个分句都必须用部分倒装，意为“既不…也不…”。单个单词 neither 或者 nor 后面接部分倒装结构时，意为“…也不…”。
Neither did I go to watch the football match, nor did I care about its result. 我既没有去看那场足球赛，也不关心它的结果。
They didn’t go to the park yesterday, and neither/nor did we. 昨天他们没去公园，我们也没去。
7. if 型省略结构 在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，有时可以省略从句中的主语和谓语动词，在这类省略结构中有的已构成固定结构，常见的这类结构有：
① if+not/so if not 不然，要不；if so 如果这样的话，如果那样的话
Do you have an umbrella? If not, I’ll lend you mine. 你带伞了吗?如果没有，我把我的借给你。
Is it raining? If so, let’s go there tomorrow. 在下雨吗?如果是这样，我们明天再去那儿吧。
② if+形容词 if necessary 如果有必要的话；if possible 如果可能的话 If possible, try to go to bed early every day. 如果可能的话，尝试每天都早点上床睡觉。
If necessary, I’ll go there myself. 如果有必要的话，我将亲自去那儿一趟。
③ if any：即使有（任何）
Correct errors, if any (= if there are any errors). 如有错误就请更正 ④ if ever：如果有过/发生过的话 He seldom if ever travels abroad. 他到国外旅行，即使有过，也是极少的。
8. “one of/the (only) one of + 可数名词复数 ” 后跟定语从句时的主谓一致 “one of + 可数名词复数”后跟定语从句时，从句中的谓语动词常用复数形式；而“the (only) one of + 可数名词复数”后跟定语从句时，从句中的谓语动词应用单数形式。
He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai. 他是那些去过上海的学生中的一个。
He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai. 他是那些学生中唯一去过上海的。
三 、语法精解（动词-ing 形式的用法 II ）
）
1. 动词-ing 形式做宾语补足语 动词-ing 形式做宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词-ing 形式常做以下动词的宾语补足语。
① 动词-ing 形式位于感官动词后：feel, smell, listen to, hear, watch, see, notice, observe 等。
I felt someone patting me on the shoulder.
我感觉有人在拍我的肩膀。
When he passed the swimming pool, he saw someone swimming in it.
当他经过游泳池时，他看见有人在游泳。
注：动词-ing 形式与动词不定式在感官动词后的意义：在 see, hear, watch 等感官动词后，用动词-ing 形式做宾语补足语表示动作正在进行；用省略 to 的不定式做宾语补足语表示动作从开始到结束的全过程。
I heard Mary singing in the next room. (动作正在进行) 我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
I heard Mary sing a song in the next room last night. (动作从开始到结束的全过程) 昨晚我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
② 动词-ing 形式位于使役动词后：have, keep, get, leave, set make, send 等。
She couldn’t have him getting away with telling lies. 她不能容忍他撒了谎而不受惩罚
Please don’t keep the little boy staying alone. 不要让这个小男孩独自待着。
③动词-ing 形式用于 with 的复合结构中。
I couldn’t do my homework with the noise going on. 由于噪声不断，我没法做家庭作业。
With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous. 这么多人看着她，她感到很紧张。
2. 动词-ing 形式做状语 ① 做时间状语 Hearing the news, he couldn’t help laughing. = When he heard the news, he couldn’t help
laughing. 听到那个消息，他禁不住大笑起来。
② 做原因状语
Not knowing her address, I had better telephone her to come over. = As I don’t know her address, I had better telephone her to come over. 由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。
③ 做条件状语 Working hard, you’ll surely succeed. = If you work hard, you’ll surely succeed.
如果努力工作，你就一定会成功。
④ 做结果状语
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door. = The child slipped and fell, and hit his head against the door.
那个孩子滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。
⑤ 做让步状语
Having been told many times, he still didn’t learn these rules by heart. = Although he had been told many times, he still didn’t learn these rules by heart.
尽管被告知了很多次，他还是没把这些规定记住 ⑥ 做伴随状语
Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. = Morris lay on the grass and stared at
the sky for a long time. 莫里斯躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
The boy sat in front of the farm-house, cutting the branches. = The boy sat in front of the farm-house, and cut the branches. 那个男孩坐在农舍前砍树枝。
⑦ 做方式状语
He came running back to tell me the new. 他跑回来告诉我这个消息。
注：动词-ing 形式做状语时，相当于与之对应的状语从句，但是当作伴随状语及结果状语时，可转化为并列谓语。
3. 现在分词做状语的注意事项 ① 现在分词的时态 现在分词做状语时，要注意分词的时间性，是用现在分词的一般式（doing），还是用完成式（having done）。
A. 当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式。
Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine. 正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。（walking 和 met 同时发生）
B. 当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。
Having finished the letter, he went to post it. 他写完信后就把它寄了出去。（having finished 是先发生的，went 是后发生的）
② 现在分词的语态 使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
Having been shown around the factory, they were very happy.（现在分词的被动式）
被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（现在分词的主动式）
完成了家庭作业后，他就上床睡觉了。
③ 动词-ing 形式的否定式：not + 动词-ing；not having + 动词-ed Not knowing this, he didn’t come. 他不知道这件事，所以没来。
Not having made full preparations, we put off the sports meeting. 因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。
④ 现在分词做评注性状语 有些现在分词在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking（一般来说），judging by/from….（从…判断），taking everything into consideration（从全盘考虑）。
Judging from his behavior, he must be mad. 从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。
四 、写作指导（如何写叙事类记叙文）
1. 写作技巧 ① 严格按照写作要求完成各个信息要点，不要为了文章的生动而随意添加信息。
②正确运用时态。最常用到的时态是一般过去时和过去进行时，但也要注意灵活运用其他时态。
③ 常用第一人称和第三人称。第一人称是从“参与者”的角度进行叙述；第三人称是以“观察者”的身份展开叙述，要根据具体情况合理选用。
④ 对所给提示语和信息要点可以进行合理地合并或拆分，但表述不要完全按照题目所给的顺序，要适当重组信息并严格控制句子的数量。
⑤ 若是图画形式，一定要看懂图意，将每幅图的内容合理地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯、完整的故事或事件。
⑥ 要重视句子的衔接，用好过渡词。
⑦ 叙事类记叙文的话题通常和中学生的生活有关，如校园生活、旅游、交通、交友等，平时要注意积累这些方面的词汇和短语。
2. 常用表达 ① 交代故事发生的时间、地点与人物 交代时间的常用表达：
one day, the other day, last week, last month, a few days/weeks/months ago, when I was...years old, a long time ago, at six o’clock in the morning, at/on the weekend, by the end of last term, during the summer holidays, on Sunday morning 交代地点的常用表达：
in my office, on the way to school, on the way home, at the crossing, at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the airport 交代时间地点和相关人物的典型句型：
sb was doing...in someplace when...
某人正在某地做...，这时...
sb was about to do...when... = sb was on the point of dong...when... 某人正要做…，这时… sb had just done...when... 人刚刚做了…，这时...
② 推动情节发展（事情经过）
常用词汇：
then, suddenly, immediately, no sooner...than..., hardly…, when..., while, when, as, not...until...
常用句型：
At that moment, sb did sth.
Then sb did sth. ③ 介绍故事的结果或谈自己的感想 常用词汇：
at last, finally, luckily/fortunately, to one’s surprise, feel tired/delighted 常用句型：
Personally, I think that... What surprised/attracted/delighted us most was that... Tired as we were, we learned what we couldn’t learn in/at school.
Through this meaningful activity, we learned something that can’t be learned in class.
I was deeply impressed/moved/touched by... I learned a lot from... What an unforgettable experience!
相关热词搜索： 知识点 英语 讲义